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Abstract There are a limited number of studies examining the effects of the pandemic on the daily lives of Turkish community pharmacists, and no research investigating the impact on the lives of Turkish hospital pharmacists has been found. This study aimed to examine the effects of the pandemic on the personal and professional lives of Turkish community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists. In this qualitative study design, a comprehensive set of interviews was conducted with a total of 13 community pharmacists and 7 hospital pharmacists, employing a semi-structured interview guide. Through thematic content analysis of the interviews, four main themes, 1) long-term impacts, 2) dealing strategies, 3) professional life impacts, 4) personal life impacts, have emerged for both community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists. In addition to the psychological impacts and supply chain issues commonly mentioned in the literature, the study revealed ongoing effects such as the inability to sell available products and economic difficulties. Also, the increased demand for over-the-counter products during the pandemic highlights the need for the government to develop policies to address this issue.
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Humans , Male , Female , Pharmacists/classification , Basic Health Services , COVID-19/pathology , Pandemics/classification , Occupational Groups/classificationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To provide ideas and reference for the anti-infection treatment and pharmaceutical care for severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci. METHODS Clinical pharmacists participated in the whole process of the treatment for a patient with C. psittaci-induced severe pneumonia. According to the patient’s medical history， clinical symptoms and test results， clinical pharmacists assisted the physician to dynamically adjust the anti-infective scheme； for C. psittaci infection， the patient was treated with tigecycline combined with azithromycin successively， and other infection therapy plans were dynamically adjusted according to the results of pathogen examination. During the treatment， the patient suffered from suspicious adverse drug reactions such as prolonged QTc interval， elevated lipase and amylase； the clinical pharmacists conducted pharmaceutical care and put forward reasonable suggestions. RESULTS The physician adopted the pharmacists’ suggestion， and the patient was discharged after treatment. CONCLUSIONS For the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by C. psittaci， the characteristics of patients， drugs and pathogens should be taken into account to develop individualized anti-infective treatment. Tetracyclines and macrolides have a definite effect on C. psittaci infection， but attention should be paid to the possible ADR caused by drugs in clinical application.
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Background: Over the counter (OTC), drugs are found to be safe and appropriate for use without supervision of a healthcare professional such as physician and they can be purchased by consumers without prescription. The study gains its importance because of the spreading of misuse of antibiotics and various drugs adverse drug reactions in the society. Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the study is to observe as to how many pharmacists/chemists/drug store sellers follow or violate the drug cosmetic act. Materials and Methods: It is an observational and cross-sectional study conducted among pharmacies of Udaipur city, urban areas of Southern Rajasthan. The study includes a sample size of 200 pharmacies selected through convenient random sampling. A detailed semi-structured questionnaire is administered to the pharmacists. The set of questions include types of drugs, reason for dispensing, knowledge, and attitude of pharmacist toward dispensing non-OTC drugs. All the private pharmacies willing to participate were included in the study. Data are entered in Microsoft Excel and statistically analyzed. Results: The results throw light on the behavior and pattern of dispensing habits of the drug store sellers of the city of Udaipur, Southern Rajasthan. It was observed that many pharmacists are in fact in the habit of dispensing non-OTC drugs in almost all the areas. Conclusions: Results give insights about the groups of drugs, logic, behavior, and knowledge level of pharmacists involved in dispensing practices in the city of Udaipur. There should be structured educational campaigns (or use of media, internet, newspaper, radio, television, advertisements, mobiles, etc.) for both pharmacists and public.
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ABSTRACT Background: To examine the impact of pharmacist counseling and follow-up on patient's medication compliance and Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) eradication and evaluate the efficiency of an eradication regimen consisting of Clarithromycin 500 mg, Amoxicillin 1 g, and Lansoprazole 30 mg, twice daily for 14 days. Methods: Two hundred patients undergoing endoscopy and positive rapid urease tests were included in the present study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group (n=100) and a control group (n=100). The intervention patients obtained their medications from the hospital pharmacist and received sufficient counseling and follow-up. On the other hand, the control patients received their medications from another hospital pharmacist and went through the routine hospital procedure without good counseling and follow-up. Results: The intervention resulted in a statistically significant improvement in outpatient compliance with medication (45.0% vs 27.5%; P<0.05) and eradication of H. pylori (28.5% vs 42.5%; P<0.05) among those patients. Conclusion: This study reflects the importance of pharmacist counseling and patient compliance to medication, as the patients who received pharmacist counseling exhibited perfect compliance to medication, which led to the successful eradication of H. pylori.
RESUMO Contexto: Analisar o impacto do aconselhamento e acompanhamento farmacêutico na adesão medicamentosa do paciente e na erradicação do Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) e avaliar a eficiência de um regime de erradicação composto por Claritromicina 500 mg, Amoxicilina 1 g e Lansoprazol 30 mg, duas vezes ao dia por 14 dias. Métodos Duzentos pacientes submetidos à endoscopia e testes rápidos de urease positivos foram incluídos no presente estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um grupo intervenção (n=100) e um grupo controle (n=100). Os pacientes de intervenção obtiveram seus medicamentos do farmacêutico do hospital e receberam aconselhamento e acompanhamento suficientes. Por outro lado, os pacientes do grupo controle receberam seus medicamentos de outro farmacêutico hospitalar e passaram pelo procedimento hospitalar de rotina sem um bom aconselhamento e acompanhamento. Resultados: A intervenção do farmacêutico resultou em melhora estatisticamente significativa na adesão ambulatorial à medicação (45,0% vs 27,5%; P<0,05) e na erradicação de H. pylori (28,5% vs 42,5%; P<0,05) entre esses pacientes. Conclusão Este estudo reflete a importância do aconselhamento farmacêutico e da adesão do paciente à medicação, uma vez que os pacientes que receberam aconselhamento farmacêutico apresentaram perfeita adesão à medicação, o que levou à erradicação bem-sucedida da H. pylori.
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OBJECTIVE To build a standardized simulation teaching system for resident pharmacists and evaluate its effects， and to provide reference for improving the competency of resident pharmacists. METHODS The established simulation teaching system for pharmacy residents’ standardized training in the study included revising the simulation teaching syllabus， setting up simulation teaching courses， implementing the teaching method through “six types of simulations”， applying objective structured clinical examination （OSCE） for assessment， building a simulation teaching team and strengthening the simulation teaching management. The effect evaluation was perfermed with mixed research method， and qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to collect and analyze data and information. RESULTS ＆＆CONCLUSIONS Compared with the traditional teaching system， the passing rate of graduation examination （71.4% vs. 100%） and the score of after-department examination （[ 76.2±7.8） vs. （90.4±4.9）] under the simulation teaching mode were higher； through questionnaire surveys and qualitative interviews， we found that resident pharmacists who went through simulation teaching gave positive feedback on the role and impact of this system. The simulation teaching system can be used with good generalizability for the standardized training of resident pharmacists， and can provide strong basis and support for the high-quality development of hospital pharmacy.
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OBJECTIVE To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in the treatment of critical patients with acute heart failure after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）， and to provide reference for drug treatment and monitoring of such patients. METHODS Clinical pharmacists participated in the treatment of a critical patient with acute heart failure after PCI， and assisted physicians to jointly develop individualized medication plans based on domestic and foreign literature： it was suggested to give imipenem and cilastatin for anti-infective therapy， adjust drug dose according to renal function， and timely descend step therapy； Levetiracetam tablets were selected to prevent epilepsy； the differential diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyolysis possibly caused by Atorvastatin calcium tablets were performed； the whole process of pharmaceutical care was conducted. RESULTS Physicians adopted the suggestions of clinical pharmacists. The acute heart failure of the patient was controlled， the pulmonary infection was improved， the adverse reaction symptoms were relieved， and the patient was successfully transferred out of the ICU. CONCLUSIONS For severe patients， when giving imipenem and cilastatin for anti-infection treatment，the clinical pharmacist should adjust the dose according to the patient’s renal function and be alert to the possible neurotoxicity. During the treatment with Atorvastatin calcium tablets，the clinical pharmacist should comprehensively analyze the risk of rhabdomyolysis. For the adverse reactions that have occurred， clinical pharmacist should promptly address symptomatic issues to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication for patients.
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Objective To explore the role of clinical pharmaceutical care in outpatient service of traditional Chinese medicine. Methods Two hundred patients who were not taking medicines for the first time (had received routine medication explanations) and had made an appointment for the next outpatient TCM service were randomly selected for questionnaire survey during July to October, 2021. After the intervention of clinical pharmacy care, the questionnaire survey was conducted again, and the results of the questionnaire survey of patients before and after the clinical pharmacy care were compared. Results After clinical pharmacy intervention, the scores of eight questions in the questionnaire were significantly improved (except for the awareness of taking drugs, P values of the other seven items were all <0.05). Conclusion The development of TCM clinical pharmaceutical care could effectively improve patients' safety awareness of medication safety. The patients' awareness of the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine and medication compliance had also been significantly improved. The awareness of pharmacists role in patients was enhanced. The outpatient pharmaceutical care of Traditional Chinese Medicine was effectively improved, which is important to rational drug use.
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Objective: Pharmacists in inpatient pharmaceutical services are required to evaluate the medications that patients bring with them to the hospital when admitted and to make recommendations to physicians about these medications' proper use. Many hospitals perform such inpatient pharmaceutical services. Studies have found that pharmacists with insufficient years of experience are often put in charge of this practice. This has resulted in patients continuing to take inappropriate medications. We hypothesized that the involvement of another pharmacist in checking outpatient medications brought to the hospital might lower the rate of inappropriate use. We initiated the rechecking of medications brought to the hospital by the drug information (DI) pharmacist, based on the need for cooperation between the DI pharmacist and ward pharmacists.Methods: We initiated rechecks by DI pharmacists of medications brought to the hospital and first checked by ward pharmacists, and estimated the medical economic impact of pharmaceutical intervention between 1 May 2019 and 30 April 2020.Results: Within one year, the DI pharmacist suggested 15 interventions, including four interventions related to digitalis products and three related to direct oral anticoagulants. The medical economic impact was estimated to be 10,175,000 yen.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that checking by another pharmacist of outpatient medications brought to the hospital is a useful addition to the check by ward pharmacists.
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Objective: Adverse reactions are sometimes induced by contrast media used for medical imaging and can be life-threatening. Thus, appropriate management is important for patient safety. The purpose of this study was to clarify the actual management of adverse reactions induced by contrast media in hospitals, the opportunities for intervention by hospital pharmacy departments and the attitudes of hospital pharmacists regarding the risk of adverse reactions.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in the pharmacy departments of 16 hospitals (approximately 200 to 1,000 beds) located in the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. The survey asked about the presence or absence of internal rules or manuals regarding contrast media administration at each hospital, the management status of patients with risk factors for adverse reactions, the opportunities for interventions by pharmacists, and the opportunities for discussion regarding contrast media administration among pharmacists and other professionals.Results: Of the 16 hospitals, 10 responded to the questionnaires, and 7 of them had internal rules or manuals. These rules or manuals stipulated actions such as “do not administer contrast media” to patients with risk factor(s) for adverse reactions. For inpatients, there were opportunities for pharmacist interventions, such as drug management and guidance services and initial interviews upon hospital admission. However, for outpatients the opportunities for interventions were limited. At 5 of the 10 hospitals, pharmacists discussed contrast administration with physicians, radiologists, and other healthcare professionals.Conclusion: The present study reveal that many hospitals take great care in deciding on the administration of contrast media to patients at risk of adverse drug reactions. Our results indicate that the limited opportunities for “outpatient intervention" is an issue in the hospital pharmacy department's participation for proper use of contrast media.
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Objectives: A refill-prescription system startedin April, 2022 in Japan. Refill-prescriptions can be usedrepeatedly, but pharmacists are required to check patients' medication and determine whether refills are appropriate. This study aimed to clarify the actual status of community pharmacies' treatment of prescription refills and pharmacists’ concerns about them.Design: Questionnaire survey.Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted for pharmacists at community pharmacies from June to July, 2022, shortly after the refill-prescription system was launched, focusing on handling of prescription refills in community pharmacies, and concerns and challenges about refill-prescriptions.Results: Responses were obtainedfrom 377 pharmacists in 34 prefectures throughout Japan. Among them, 30.8% had received refill-prescriptions. Many pharmacists checked medical histories, changes in patients' symptoms, and medication and medical examination status when determining the appropriateness of refills, but few reviewed past laboratory values or laboratory values measuredby patients themselves at the time of their pharmacy visit. Moreover, 34.8% of the pharmacies had internal rules for dealing with refills, and 39.8% had equipment to measure laboratory values. Many pharmacists were concerned about how to share patients’ information with other pharmacies. Challenges that were identified included “Determining whether the refill is appropriate for the patient” and “Establishment of a pharmacy system to receive refill-prescriptions”.Conclusion: This study clarified the actual status of community pharmacies handling of prescription refills, and pharmacists' concerns or challenges about them. Potential improvements include increasing the number of devices that can measure laboratory values at pharmacies, improving home-use measuring devices, creating guidelines to determine the appropriateness of prescription refills and improving pharmacists' skills.
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OBJECTIVE To make up the research gap of the concept of collaboration between clinical pharmacists and physicians in China， and to provide a theoretical basis for further improving the collaboration. METHODS Literature analysis was used to sort out the existing concepts of collaboration. Combined with the current practice and development trend of the collaboration between clinical pharmacists and physicians in China， the basic elements of the concept were deconstructed and the connotation of each component of the concept was explained in detail. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Based on the above theoretical research and practical analysis， the concept of collaboration between clinical pharmacists and physicians in the context of China was defined， that is， clinical pharmacists and physicians adhere to the patient-centered and rational drug use as the core in clinical drug therapy， and make joint decisions on drug management and drug therapy on the basis of communication， respect， trust and sharing， so as to ensure the effectiveness， safety and economy of clinical pharmaceutical care， and improve the coordination and cooperation process of comprehensive disease treatment system.
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OBJECTIVE To construct the evaluation index system for scientific research ability of hospital pharmacists， and provide reference for the improvement of hospital pharmacists’ scientific research ability and the formulation of relevant scientific research policies. METHODS The relevant indexes of scientific research evaluation of hospital pharmacists were extracted by literature analysis， and consultation questionnaire was designed according to Likert grade 5 scoring method. Delphi method was used to conduct two rounds of questionnaire consultation for 28 experts， and the weight of each index was determined by analytic hierarchy process. The reliability and validity of index system were analyzed by questionnaire survey. RESULTS After two rounds of expert correspondence， evaluation index system for scientific research ability of hospital pharmacists was finally determined from three core dimensions： basic scientific research ability， scientific research achievements and transformation ability， academic influence and personnel training （including 11 sub-dimensions and 34 measurement items）. The weight value of each dimension index was determined. The result of reliability and validity analysis confirmed the scientific rationality of the index system. CONCLUSIONS The established evaluation index system for scientific research ability of hospital pharmacists is innovative， comprehensive and scientific. The index system model can provide reference for the improvement of hospital pharmacists’ scientific research ability and the formulation of relevant scientific research policies.
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This paper reports the clinical pharmacist participated in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with acanthoma caused by nivolumab. This patient developed acanthoma 2 weeks after medication， involving scalp， neck， trunk， back of hand， sole of foot and other parts， with moderate pruritus. The clinical pharmacist determined it as “yes” according to the causality evaluation method of adverse reactions. After reviewing the literature， clinical pharmacists found that acanthoma caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors was more commonly seen in male elderly patients with malignant melanoma， and mainly involved the trunk， extremities and hands. Under the general principle of considering the effectiveness， safety， economy and accessibility of therapeutic drugs， the clinical pharmacist finally decided to give the patient a comprehensive treatment scheme of Halometasone cream for external use + oral administration of Retinoic acid capsules + oral administration of Ebastine tablets after discussion with the doctor， with maximum respect for the patient’s wishes，and continued to use navulizumab for immunotherapy. At the same time， pharmaceutical care and psychological counseling were conducted by clinical pharmacist. Finally， the patient successfully completed the treatment， and the acanthoma gradually subsided after the end of navulizumab treatment. The diagnosis and treatment process of this patient indicated that the participation of clinical pharmacists is helpful to improve the continuity and safety of immunotherapy.
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Although the fees for the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AS addition) were newly established in the 2018 revision of medical fees, more detailed activities and issues of pharmacists at facilities calculating AS addition have not been clarified so far. Therefore, to understand the current status of AS activities and problems, we conducted a questionnaire survey of facilities that calculate the additional fee for infection prevention measures 1 and investigated whether there are differences in AS activities between facilities where pharmacists are full-time employees and facilities where non-pharmacists are full-time employees. The results showed that the number of antimicrobial agents used by full-time pharmacists was larger than that by non-pharmacists. In addition, the frequency of AS was lower for non-full-time workers than for full-time workers, with most full-time workers performing AS every day, while non-full-time workers performing AS two to three days a week. In addition, non-full-time workers lacked human resources and work time, and did not have sufficient work materials. The survey revealed that AS activities’ current status and problems differ between full-time and non-full-time employees.
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Anxiety and difficulty in administering medication to nursery school children has been reported among nursery school teachers. This study aimed to elucidate these issues and explore the possibility of pharmacist support and collaboration. We conducted a postal survey in September 2019 among nursery schools in Tokyo that are categorized as government-authorized schools, certified childcare centers, and prefectural governor-certified schools. A total of 1,537 schools responded to the self-report questionnaires (response rate: 41.2%), and 1,533 responses were analyzed. Of these, 1,488 schools were asked if they would accept requests to administer medication to their school children, and 60.1% of the nursery schools responded that their staff (including teachers and nurses) found it difficult to administer medication. The issues identified included psychological burdens (such as nervousness and pressure about giving the correct medication), staff shortage, insufficient time with the children, and human factors (such as personal perceptions of medication). Additionally, excessive requests to administer medication, caregiver behavior such as low awareness of children’s health and appropriate medication, and poor medication adherence at home were identified as issues. It was suggested that pharmacists could help alleviate these problems through their daily work at the pharmacy. Approximately 49-62% of schools responded that they would request the collaboration of community pharmacists to conduct training sessions for nursery school staff, provide health support for caregivers, and provide general health and medication consultations. The collaboration between nursery schools and community pharmacists may gain importance in the future.
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Introdução: O diabetes mellitus é um distúrbio metabólico crônico que afeta grande parcela da população mundial, no Brasil o número de diabéticos vem crescendo significativamente com o passar dos anos. A qualidade de vida destes pacientes está intimamente relacionada ao tratamento adequado que pode reduzir as complicações decorrentes da doença. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar dificuldades no uso de insulinas em pacientes da unidade de saúde do município de Jaguaruana-CE que possam estar relacionados a falhas no tratamento. Métodos: Tratou-se de uma análise do tipo descritivo, transversal e observacional com uma abordagem quantitativa, o questionário foi aplicado aos pacientes no momento da consulta na Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS). A pesquisa ocorreu entre os meses de setembro a outubro de 2022 com mulheres e homens insulinodependentes acima de 18 anos. Resultados: Os dados mostraram maior prevalência de mulheres, 20 (67%), a maior faixa etária foi acima de 40 anos, 19 (63%) e a renda familiar prevaleceu de 1 à 2 salários mínimos, 14 (47%). O profissional de prestou maior orientação quanto ao uso da insulina foi o enfermeiro, citado por 12 (40%) pacientes, 20 (67%) relataram armazenar a insulina na porta da geladeira, 22 (74%) relataram desconhecer o motivo das aplicações dolorosas e 9 (30%) confirmam perder ou pular uma das aplicações diárias. Conclusão: Nota-se, portanto, a necessidade da atuação do farmacêutico na saúde da família, na avaliação e orientação quanto ao uso correto das insulinas, garantindo assim o uso racional e com maior eficácia.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects a large portion of the world population. In Brazil, the number of diabetics has been growing significantly over the years. The quality of life of these patients is closely related to adequate treatment that can reduce the complications arising from the disease. This study aimed to identify difficulties in the use of insulin in patients at the health care facility in the city of Jaguaruana-CE that may be related to treatment failure. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional and observational analysis with a quantitative approach, the questionnaire was applied to patients at the time of consultation in the Basic Health Unit (BHU). The research occurred between the months of September to October 2022 with insulin-dependent women and men over 18 years. Results: The data showed higher prevalence of women, 20 (67%), the highest age group was above 40 years, 19 (63%) and family income prevailed from 1 to 2 minimum wages, 14 (47%). The professional who provided the most orientation regarding insulin use was the nurse, mentioned by 12 (40%) patients, 20 (67%) reported storing insulin in the refrigerator door, 22 (74%) reported not knowing the reason for the painful applications, and 9 (30%) confirmed missing or skipping one of the daily applications. Conclusion: Therefore, it is noted the need for the role of the pharmacist in family health, in the evaluation and guidance on the correct use of insulin, thus ensuring the rational use and with greater efficacy.
Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es un trastorno metabólico crónico que afecta a gran parte de la población mundial, en Brasil el número de diabéticos viene creciendo significativamente a lo largo de los años. A qualidade de vida destes pacientes está estreitamente relacionada com um tratamento adequado que permita reduzir as complicações decorrentes da doença. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar dificuldades no uso de insulinas em pacientes da unidade de saúde do município de Jaguaruana-CE que possam estar relacionadas a falhas no tratamento. Método: Se trató de un análisis descriptivo, transversal y observacional con abordaje cuantitativo, el cuestionario fue aplicado a los pacientes en el momento de la consulta en la Unidad Básica de Salud (UBS). La investigación ocurrió entre los meses de septiembre a octubre de 2022 con mujeres y hombres insulinodependientes mayores de 18 años. Resultados: Los datos mostraron mayor prevalencia de mujeres, 20 (67%), el grupo de mayor edad fue superior a 40 años, 19 (63%) y la renta familiar prevaleció de 1 a 2 salarios mínimos, 14 (47%). El profesional que más orientó sobre el uso de la insulina fue la enfermera, mencionada por 12 (40%) pacientes, 20 (67%) relataron haber guardado la insulina en la puerta del refrigerador, 22 (74%) relataron no saber el motivo de las aplicaciones dolorosas y 9 (30%) confirmaron haber omitido o saltado una de las aplicaciones diarias. Conclusión: Se constata, por lo tanto, la necesidad del papel del farmacéutico en la salud familiar, en la evaluación y orientación en cuanto al uso correcto de las insulinas, garantizando así el uso racional y con mayor eficacia.
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Resumo O bom exercício da preceptoria exige educação permanente dos profissionais de saúde. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvido curso para preceptores farmacêuticos em um município do leste de Minas Gerais, visando promover o desenvolvimento de competências clínicas. O objetivo do estudo é descrever a experiência educacional desenvolvida e a perspectiva dos participantes sobre a mesma. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, com coleta de dados por observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. Os dados transcritos foram submetidos a análise temática. O planejamento da atividade educacional, realizado a partir de diagnóstico com os farmacêuticos, resultou em satisfação por parte dos mesmos, que ressaltaram a relevância dos temas abordados para sua prática cotidiana. O curso teórico-prático com estudos de casos que objetivava desenvolver competências clínicas iniciais demonstrou-se satisfatório na perspectiva dos participantes. Problemas na gestão do sistema de saúde local dificultaram a realização da fase de apoio in loco, prevista inicialmente. Além disso, evidenciaram-se fatores que influenciam na possibilidade de aplicação de tais competências no cotidiano profissional. Os conhecimentos gerados podem ser subsidiar outras experiências de integração universidade-serviço de saúde para educação permanente de farmacêuticos, com aproveitamento dos aspectos positivos e desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção dos problemas identificados.
Abstract A good preceptorship practice requires lifelong education. In this context, a course was developed for pharmacist preceptors aiming to promote the development of clinical skills. This study aims to describe the educational experience developed and the participants' perspective on it. This is a qualitative study, with data collection through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The transcribed data were submitted to thematic analysis. The planning of the educational activity, carried out based on a diagnosis with the pharmacists, resulted in satisfaction on the part of the pharmacists, who stressed the relevance of the topics addressed for their daily practice. The theoretical-practical course with case studies that aimed to develop initial clinical skills proved to be satisfactory from the perspective of the participants. Problems in the management of the local health system made it difficult to carry out the on-site support phase, initially planned. In addition, factors that influence the possibility of applying such competences in professional daily life were evidenced. The knowledge generated can be used to support other university-health service integration experiences for the lifelong education of pharmacists, taking advantage of the positive aspects and developing strategies to prevent the identified problems.
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OBJECTIVE To provide a reference for continuing education and training of clinical pharmacists. METHODS The revision of the syllabus and the improvement of training methods of practical skills training class for clinical pharmacists in the neurology department held by Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from 2007 to 2022 was sorted to summarize its advantages and characteristics. RESULTS Training programs were developed to benefit clinical pharmacists at different levels， and the training contents were adjusted according to the training programs and the needs of trainees. Teachers with teaching experience were selected to participate in the teaching. Theory teaching was combined with practice teaching in the teaching process， and case teaching and question-based teaching methods were adopted to benefit both senior clinical pharmacists and new clinical pharmacists. In addition， the influence of the training class was expanded through online teaching， so that doctors and pharmacists could communicate and learn together on the platform of the training class. For example， when designing the training program， we replaced one common neurological disease every two years， and carried rollover study on its new progress and new ideas； clinical pharmacist skill course was reduced， drug history writing， information retrieval and test index interpretation were compressed into clinical pharmacy skill course. CONCLUSIONS The continuing education platform is established for clinical pharmacists； new knowledge and concepts that clinical pharmacists of this specialty need to be familiar with are compiled into the teaching syllabus， and the experts who are familiar with the training of clinical pharmacists are selected to explain to the students so that the students could follow the platform to constantly update their knowledge and improve the ability of clinical pharmacists to participate in the clinic work.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of pharmaceutical practice of pediatric pharmacists providing internet medication consultation services. METHODS A total of 8 356 children’s medication cases through the “Our Pharmacists” online medication consultation platform （hereinafter referred to as “Our Pharmacists”） were collected from July 2020 to June 2022. The general information， disease type and irrational drug use were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Among 8 356 cases， 4 234 were male and 4 122 were female； the age of children was mainly from 12 months to 3 years old； the consulting diseases were mainly respiratory diseases （46.56%）， followed by digestive system diseases （18.41%） and skin system diseases （12.71%）. Among respiratory diseases， the proportion of irrational drug use was 92.30%， mainly including the use of antibiotics without indication （83.59%）， inappropriate selection of Chinese patent medicines （61.14%） and compound cold medicines （49.77%）， etc. Among digestive system diseases， the proportion of irrational drug use was 71.15%， mainly including not using oral rehydration salts （48.85%）， inappropriate use of probiotics （31.19%）， the use of antibiotics without indication （26.89%）， etc. A total of 4 273 evaluations of pharmacist services were received from child guardians， with a five-star rating of 99.88%. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists provide pediatric medication consultation services through “Our Pharmacists”， providing individualized evidence-based medication suggestions， increasing the safety of drug use and satisfaction with pharmaceutical care， and ensuring the safety of children medication.
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OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mode of pharmacists’ participation in multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment （MDT）， as well as the effects of pharmacists’ participation. METHODS Retrieved from Cochrane Library， PubMed， Embase， CNKI， CBM and Wanfang database， experimental studies and observational studies on the effects of MDT with pharmacists on clinical outcomes of patients were collected. After data extraction and quality evaluation， the results of included studies were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS A total of 10 studies were included， among which 3 were randomized controlled trials （RCT）， 2 were non-RCT， 4 were cohort and 1 was case-control study； there were 2 422 patients in total. In terms of effectiveness， tumor progression-free survival， glycosylated hemoglobin， re-admission rate and length of stay and other indexes were all improved significantly after pharmacists participated in MDT. In terms of safety， the incidence of major bleeding events was significantly decreased after pharmacists participated in MDT. In terms of economy， hospitalization costs and total outpatient expenses were improved significantly after pharmacists participated in MDT， but medical cost was not improved significantly. In terms of humanistic outcomes， there was controversy over the conclusion of patient compliance after pharmacists participated in MDT. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists， based on their own pharmaceutical care skills and methods， actively participate in MDT throughout the process， improving the clinical outcomes of patients and enhancing the safety of medication. There are still controversies regarding economic and humanistic outcomes.